Cooling of body parts may result in various cold injuries - non-freezing injuries, freezing injuries - and hypothermia which is the most serious.

身体各部分受冷后会引起各种各样的寒冷损伤—非冻伤、冻伤以及最严重的低体温症。

Toes, fingers, ears and nose are at greatest risk because these areas do not have major muscles to produce heat. In addition, the body will preserve heat by favoring the internal organs and thus reducing the flow of blood to the extremities under cold conditions. Hands and feet tend to get cold more quickly than the torso because:

脚趾、手指、耳朵和鼻子是最容易受到寒冷损伤的器官，因为它们没有可以产生热量的肌肉。此外，在寒冷的环境里，身体会降低流向四肢的血液流动速度来为内部器官保留热量。人的手脚比躯干冷的更快的原因有：

·         they lose heat more rapidly since they have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, and

·         因为手和脚的表面积与体积的比例更大，所以它们更容易散失热量；

·         they are more likely to be in contact with colder surfaces than other parts of the body.

·         与身体其它部分相比，手和脚接触寒冷表面的机会更多。

If the eyes are not protected with goggles in high wind chill conditions, the corneas of the eyes may freeze.

在高风寒的条件下，如果没有佩戴护目镜的话，眼角膜可能会被冻住。

The most severe cold injury is hypothermia which occurs from excessive loss of body heat and the consequent lowering of the inner core temperature (internal temperature of the body). Hypothermia can be fatal.

低体温症是最严重的寒冷损伤，由于体内热量的大量流失，内部核心温度（身体内部温度）持续降低。低体温症将是致命的。

First aid for frostbite includes:

冻伤急救包括：

·         If possible, move the victim to a warm area.

·         如果可能的话，将伤者转移到温暖的区域。

·         Loosen or remove constricting clothing or jewelry that may restrict circulation.

·         放松或脱掉紧身的衣服或首饰以避免限制血液流通。

·         Loosely cover the affected area with a dressing. Place some gauze between fingers and toes to absorb moisture and prevent them from sticking together.

·         用衣服覆盖在受伤的部位上。在手指和脚趾之间放上纱布吸收湿气以防止它们粘结在一起。

·         Quickly transport the victim to an emergency care facility.

·         把伤者快速运送到急救设备上。

·         Do not attempt to rewarm the affected area on site, but do try to stop the area from becoming any colder. Without the proper facilities, tissue that has been warmed may refreeze and cause more damage.

·         在现场不要试图使受伤部位重新暖和起来，但是要尽量去阻止这些部位变的更冷。在没有合适的设备时，变暖的纸巾可能会结冰，从而带来更大的损害。

·         Do not rub area or apply dry heat.

·         不要摩擦受伤部位或者提供干热。

·         Do not allow the victim to drink alcohol or smoke.

·         不要让伤者喝酒或吸烟。

SnowHYPERLINK "http://ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=46FBA88B-1"-HYPERLINK "http://ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=46FBA88B-1"falls can greatly reduce visibility, create hazardous road conditions, even knock down trees and power lines or roof collapses from snow loads.

降雪会使能见度严重降低，产生危险路况，积雪甚至会压倒树木、电线，或使屋顶坍塌。

Rain in winter can have serious impacts when it falls on an existing snowpack or on frozen ground.

冬季下雨会产生严重的影响，它将使地面上有积雪或结冰。

Freezing rain is precipitation that falls in liquid form at first but then falls through a layer of cold air. If this layer of cold air is thick enough and the air temperature is below freezing, the precipitation freezes on contact with the ground (or an object that is below freezing temperature), forming a coating of ice on its surface. Driving and even walking can be dangerous in such conditions. As well, ice coated utility lines or poles can be brought down due to the excess weight of the ice.

冻雨降水的初始状态是液态的，并随后进入冷空气层。当冷空气层足够厚且空气温度低于冰点时，降水在与地面（或者某个低于冰点的物体）接触的时候就会结成冰，并在表面形成一层薄冰。在这种条件下驾车或是步行都是非常危险的，此外，覆冰的公用线路或电线杆可能会因为冰的重量过重而被压倒。

Fog reduces visibility due to suspended water droplets. Driving any vehicle in low visibilities due to fog can be hazardous, therefore speeds should be reduced accordingly。

由于悬浮小水滴的影响，雾使能见度降低。在能见度很低的雾天开车将是非常危险的，所以车速要根据具体的情况有所降低。

All these weather conditions increase the risks of slips and trips when walking in the plant and the risk of car accidents. Internal roads and pathways must be cleaned as soon as possible and salt can be spread on the roads to lower the freezing point of the water. Drivers must adapt the speed of their cars to the external conditions.

以上天气状况都会增加在工厂行走时滑倒或被绊倒以及发生车祸的风险。工厂内部的道路要尽快的进行清理，并在道路上撒盐以提高冰点温度。司机同志则要根据外部条件的情况来控制车速。

Leakages of water or steam can create ice stalactites. They are very dangerous when they are hung up in racks or on the edges of roofs, over pathways. They must be removed as soon as possible, and if it is not possible barricades must be set up to avoid circulation under them.

水或者蒸汽的泄漏可能会形成冰柱。当这些冰柱悬挂在道路上方的架子或是房顶边缘时，将是非常危险的。它们必须尽快被清理掉，如果不能清理的话，那就必须设置路障以避免行人路过。

To clean frozen process equipment, workers use frequently steam provided by a hose linked to a steam pipe. There are risks of burn, especially if the connection between the hose and the pipe is not adequate and so that the hose can be thrown-out of the connection. Connection must be adapted according to Blue Star Headquarters requirements.

对于结冰工艺设备的清理，工人经常使用的工具是一根连在蒸汽管上的软管。在使用时有被烫伤的危险，特别是当软管与蒸汽管连接的不太合适的时候，软管可能会被甩出去。因此，软管与蒸汽管的连接必须要符合蓝星集团总公司的要求。